Types of Markets
Securities markets are organized into four categories based on how and where securities are traded. Here is the big-picture framework you need for the exam.
The Four Market Categories
| Market | What Happens | Who Trades | Where |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | New securities are issued and sold for the first time | Issuers sell to investors (via underwriters) | Through the offering process (not on an exchange) |
| Secondary | Previously issued securities trade between investors | Investors buy from and sell to other investors | Exchanges (NYSE), OTC markets, electronic networks |
| Third | Exchange-listed securities are traded OTC | Institutional investors, non-exchange member dealers | Over-the-counter (off-exchange) |
| Fourth | Securities trade directly between institutions | Large institutional investors | Electronic Communication Networks (ECNs); no broker-dealer intermediary |
Exam Tip: Gotchas
- Primary market = issuer receives the money. Secondary market = selling investor receives the money. This is the most tested distinction.
How They Connect
Think of it this way: The four markets form a progression from creation to increasingly direct trading:
- Primary market - Where a security is born (issued for the first time)
- Secondary market - Where that security lives and trades after issuance
- Third market - Exchange-listed securities trade off-exchange (still secondary market activity)
- Fourth market - Institutions trade directly with each other, bypassing broker-dealers entirely
Exam Tip: Gotchas
- The third and fourth markets are both subsets of secondary market activity. They involve previously issued securities changing hands. The key distinctions are where the trading happens and who is involved.
- Third market involves exchange-listed securities traded OFF the exchange, not unlisted securities.
- Fourth market has NO broker-dealer intermediary. Institutions trade directly via Electronic Communication Networks (ECNs).